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Sens to Admin: Explain Views on Congress War Powers

This ought to be good. Senate Judicary Chairman Patrick Leahy (D-VT) and Ranking Member Arlen Specter (R-PA) have written Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to ask what power they think Congress has to restrict the waging of war.

The request comes as Sen. Russ Feinfold (D-WI) holds a hearing today called "Exercising Congress's Constitutional Power to End a War." A number of Democrats, like Feingold, have urged that the Democrats use the power of the purse to restrict Bush's troop increase in Iraq.

"What constitutional authority do you recognize resides with the Congress with respect to war?" the letter asks. "How do you believe Congress can exercise its authorities? What limits to you believe exist on those authorities? We would appreciate your prompt reply and legal analysis."

A couple of weeks ago, President Bush, in response to a question of whether he had "the authority to put the [21,000 extra] troops in [Iraq] no matter what the Congress wants to do," answered, "In this situation, I do, yeah. Now, I fully understand they could try to stop me from doing it. But I made my decision, and we're going forward."

We'll see if the administration sticks to that line.

We've posted Leahy's full statement on this issue below.

Release from Leahy's office:

Today, this Committee holds a hearing on the constitutional powers of the Congress with respect to war.

Of course, the Constitution reserves to the Congress the power to “declare war” in Article I, section 8. In addition to the so-called power of the purse, the Constitution provides a number of specific powers to Congress. In particular, the Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to “provide for the common Defence,” “to define and punish . . . Offenses against the Law of Nations,” “to make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water,” “to raise and support Armies,” “to provide and maintain a Navy,” “to make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces,” “to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union . . . and repel Invasions,” “to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States,” and “to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States or in any Department or Officer thereof.”

Contrast these extensive provisions and powers with that of the President, who is designated the “Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States.” Indeed, Senator Specter made the point over the weekend that the express congressional power to “raise and support Armies” and to appropriate funds for their use is further circumscribed by the Constitution in order to require congressional action periodically by limiting such funding to no longer than two years.

Last week the Senate Majority Leader moved to proceed to a resolution reported by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee regarding the President’s plan to send more Americans into the conflicts in Iraq. When Republican objections to proceeding to consideration of the Senate resolution of disapproval for escalating the war are overcome, the Senate will proceed to that debate. Congressional authority with respect to war is part of this debate. Today, the Senate Judiciary Committee is holding a hearing on these legal and constitutional matters.

Today, Senator Specter and I are writing the Attorney General asking for the Bush-Cheney Administration’s views on these legal and constitutional issues. We ask: What constitutional authority do you recognize resides with the Congress with respect to war? How do you believe Congress can exercise its authorities? What limits to you believe exist on those authorities? We also request legal analyses and the opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel, which represent the official legal position of the Executive, on these matters. We look forward to the Attorney General’s prompt and thorough response. As the Republican Leader has said, there is no more important issue than the Iraq war.

In a recent column in The New York Times, Adam Cohen recalled the observation of James Madison that “the Executive is the branch of power most interested in war, and most prone to it” and that it was to counteract this danger that the Constitution “with studied care, vested the question of war in the Legislature.” Mr. Cohen goes on to recall the case of the Flying Fish in 1799, the Steel Seizure case in 1952, and the Hamdan case in 2006, all of which circumscribed presidential action. He recalls the capping of the number of American military personnel in South Vietnam in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 and the provisions of the Lebanon Emergency Assistance Act of 1983. He concludes: “The Constitution’s text, Supreme Court cases and history show, however, that Congress can instead pass laws that set the terms of military engagement.”

Almost two years ago, during this Committee’s hearing on the nomination of John Roberts to be Chief Justice of the United States, my first questions to the nominee were about these very matters. I posed the hypothetical whether there was any doubt that Congress could declare the end to war by enacting a law doing so, and overriding a presidential veto if necessary. Ours is a constitutional government in which the Constitution vests lawmaking power in the Congress. The President is not above the law but is commanded by the Constitution to “take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.”

I thank and commend Senator Feingold, the Chairman of the Constitution Subcommittee, for organizing and chairing this important hearing. I join him in welcoming our distinguished panel of witnesses and thank them for sharing their insights with us and the Senate.


52 Comments

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Why is congress asking the president what powers they have?

You know what your powers are, they're in the constitution. If you're not sure what your powers are, you excercise them anyway, and let the Supreme Court sort it out.

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The deciderer made it pretty clear that the only option the Congress has is to cut off funding. That said, I'm sure that the Exec office will find a way around that - although the $s required are a bit more than that of Iran/Contra days, and it might be harder to keep the operation under the radar.

Have we had enough of this insanity yet???

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We can expect Arlen Specter to do his usual cover-up, running interference, soft handling for Bush. Can we also expect Leahy to get bumped over and go along with the interference?

Americans still do not grasp the enormity of the Republican machine that has led us into the military, financial mess we see today, both abroad and at home.

And if we have to rely on the mainstream media for accuracy, we're out of luck.

You don't have to be a blind conservative not to see it, just an ignorant one to deny it.

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I think they want to get Abu G. on the record as saying that Congress has essentially on oversight on how Bush wages war. That is, after all, what he believes.

I think they're doing this in preparation for some sort of limits on Bush's further mishandling of Iraq - and may also come into play if Bush tries to spring a surprise action against Iran in future.

I'm guessing here.

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they aren't asking the President, they are asking for a legal opinion from the Justice Department, through the Attorney General. The Justice Department is not simply for the use of the President.l

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J.Goodwin: Be assured that Senator Leahy knows damn well what powers Congress has. What he's doing is giving Gonzales a chance to put his foot in it with more "unitary executive" crap. It's part of the dance.

Gonzales is -- in a narrow sense -- pretty smart, but he's arrogant, and worse yet, BushCo wants him in that spot to push *their* arrogance. Senator Leahy, on the other hand, isn't just smart -- he's fracking brilliant ... and principled and stubborn as hell and he has the solid backing of his constituents. What's more, Senator Leahy has the ultimate advantage -- he's *right*.

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Brilliant! I hope the police chief here in Des Moines considers writing to the local criminals, asking them what powers he has to stop them.

And the next time my children act up, I will send them an e-mail, requesting they provide a written response detailing what parental authority they recognize me as having.

All of this begs one question: Who cut off all these Congressmen's balls?

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Dear Mr. Gonzales, please put in writing the details of your anti-democratic, unconstitutional interpretation of the Constitution, so that we may have it on file for use in the upcoming impeachments.

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The WH already circumvented Congress' power of the purse (Article I, Section 9 - "No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law..."), by taking $700,000 allocated to the Afghanistan war, and using it to begin planning for Iraq. I have long pointed out this is manifestly unconstitutional, and pretty much everyone yawns. I mean, it isn't even a technicality; Congress holds sole power of the purse for very good reasons, and no president can unilaterally decide to spend such monies otherwise (Article 2, Section 3, Clause 4 - ["the President] shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"], even on something which can be tangentially related back to the original purpose ("Afghanistan, Iraq - it's all national defense!").

If it were any other way, why would congressmen spend so much time trying to get earmarks in order to spend money in very specific ways? Iran-Contra never would have been investigated if it weren't for this principle.

In any case, this 'trivial' violation of the Constitution could loom much larger should Congress vote to deny funding, and the President chooses to find another way to get the money he wants. Personally, if such circumstances come about, I hope he does try to circumvent Congress... it would be difficult NOT to impeach him in such a case.

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I think Gonzalez will answer by saying that Congress has no right to send queries like this to the President without obtaining prior authorization from the Attorney General

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apparently some of you folks can't read. As edna mentioned a few post earlier, the questions about congressional powers are being posed to the attorney general, not to the president.

please, let's all make an effort to temper knee-jerk reactions with thoughtful, informed responses instead. it will serve us better in the long run...

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Hmmm. I wonder if Leahy's idea here is to save himself a step. Gonzales can't very well say Congress has NO power, so he has to offer them something fairly substantive. Then they can go ahead and use whatever he offers them, and he can't immediately try to claim that they lack the constitutional authority to take that action. It's a gamble, but a fairly safe one.

(Choosing one's own punishment is not without precedent, of course. I find myself thinking of Bill Cosby describing his father saying, "Go get me something to beat you with.")

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I'm wondering when Congress will decide they've fed the Exec enough 'rope' and actually hang 'em by it? There comes a time when enough is enough....so, when is that time for Congress? When the Pres is elected in 2008? Heck, give him that much time, and he'll try to nuke Iran, and we won't have a country left to defend.

Get the whole corrupt crew out as soon as practicable, please? I want my country back....

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How about asking him just who he is appointed to represent?

The Public or the "Furher"?

That is an answer that will be interesting to hear too.

"We the People" or "Me the Decider".

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This is a lawyer's move -- and a good one.

It sets things up not only for PR purposes, but also for any eventual constitutional showdown that involves the courts.

Gonzales can refuse to reply, in which case Bush looks arrogant and, if the Supreme Court comes in later loses standing to complain that Congress is disregarding the proper powers of the presidency,

Or Gonzales can make an unreasonable assertion of imperial powers on the President's part -- in which case Bush looks arrogant and dangerous, and if the Court gets dragged in, it is less likely to be sympathetic to Bush's assertion of power.

Or Gonzales can say something reasonable, and thus give support to the Congress' power to restrict Bush's actions in the war.

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I can see it now, WH response, "Eat a d&^k" Specter & Leahy, "OK, nevermind, sorry to bother you"

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Could this be a potential early precursor to impeachment hearings for Gonzo? If he finally is outed as an anti-constitution AG, won't Leahy find him in violation of his oath and call for his removal?

I don't see this as an actual query so much as a set up. and not a moment too soon.

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Wow, Jeff B, you're comparing the Justice Department to criminals and children?

Further, you're comparing police, who belong to the executive branch, and parents, who are executives of a sort, to Congress?

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This is a perfect example of "Democrat" vs. "Republican" thinking.

Who cares what Gonzo thinks?

Stop being so polite, so considerate of his views.

Take action or leave DC, guys.

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To me, this move by Congress makes a lot of sense. It may be the first step toward a quick appeal to the Supreme Court to provide a definitive answer to a constitutional question. If Congress just acted without this step, it is most likely that the current administration would ignore the legislation or reinterpret it to their desired end. By forcing the issue in this manner, the White House is backed into a corner and must take a position which then can be appealed on constitutional issues.

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The Congress is setting itself up for a Constitutional showdown that it probably cannot win. If they try to go past setting conditions to funding then they are treading very close to violating the separation of powers. I see the same argument being used now by Bush opponents that have been used by supporters for years - the exigencies of the current situation justify dancing on the edge, or allegedly stepping over the edge, of the Constitution.

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Gonzalez to Leahy & Specter (in the manner of Dick Cheney to the press):

"Senators, thank you for your inquiry. When we have a Constiutional matter that requires consultation with the Congress we'll let you know."

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This smacks of "What is the proper way to dissent?" that Tony Snow proved unable to answer.

Excellent.

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Leahy knows precisely what he is doing here: forcing the administration into a public discussion as to what the Constitution (which grants far more expansive powers to the Congress vis a vis making war) says, what the case law says v. what the Alberto SAYS they say.

Any time they are able to drag his ass before a committee and put him under oath, they win a little victory, because the goal is transparency and importantly, legitimizing Congressional oversight over the executive. Hell, the mere act of putting him under oath is a small victory. Forcing him to explain his legal rationales for X, Y, and Z is huge, in that every little bit of sunlight makes the administration a little bit weaker.

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barrelofmonkeys,

It might be worthwhile to keep a calendar nearby and remind yourself just how long the current Congress has been on the job now. With the exception of Senator Lieberman (or rather, with his inclusion, much to my disappointment) I think things are right on schedule with the fabled Return to Oversight. I am very much looking forward to having a Senate that actually performs like a functioning body should, rather than one which just cashes their checks and hops on the first flight back to their districts.

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they aren't asking the President, they are asking for a legal opinion from the Justice Department, through the Attorney General. The Justice Department is not simply for the use of the President.l

Posted by: edna

Fair enough, but does the president know this? It doesn't appear that he does.

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I THINK I know the intent of the letter.
They want our AG to commit his thinking and legal "theory" to paper in case the matter ends up before the SOTU.
I suppose it could also be used as grist for a turn on the millstone of impeachment should it come to that.
It's encouranging in a small way that at least he's being challenged -- something that would never have happened if the GOP still held a majority in congress.

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How is Alberto Gonzales honorable? AG is a creep.

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I will pay to hear Gonzales's testimony re: the questions asked. When I listened to his recent tortured testimony regarding the constitutional prohibition of suspension of habeas corpus and how the inclusion of the prohibition against suspension did not mean that the constitution supported the right to habeas corpus, I was in disbelief. Thankfully, Leahy (and clearly the committee staff) came back at him with the language of the first amendment (i.e. no allowance for the infringement of free speech or religious freedom) and asked him if that construction meant that we were not guaranteed free speech and freedom of religion. I honestly have never heard such a tortured reading of the constitution -- not in law school, not in law practice, not in any legislative hearings. I left the testimony thinking "either this man is incredibly disingenuous, an incredibly inept lawyer/constitutional scholar, or both." Which is it?!

Like the rest of the major players in the Bush administration (note the insulting reference to the "Bush-Cheney Administration in the Leahy press release -- intentional?!), Gonzales alternately makes me chuckle in disbelief and scares me to death...figuratively, for now.

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I hope that typo is not in the official letter:

"What limits to you believe exist on those authorities?"

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This is comment enough.

"Cut off funding for the war. Leave enough money for the speedy withdrawal of our troops and bring our sons and daughters home."

Written by:

Amy Branham
A Gold Star Mother
of
Sgt. Jeremy R. Smith
November 1981 - February 2004

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There's a difference between asking "What am I allowed to do?" and "What do YOU think I'm allowed to do?"

Leahy and Spector aren't asking him for advice or consent. They know where they're going, but they want to see what Gonzales thinks he's going to do about it.

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Many traps will be laid this year for the fascist gang in the White House. I Congress gets enough pressure they can proceed to impeachment.

Hopefully, we can get our country back from this gang of thieves.

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It’s going to get down to his oath of office. What did Gonzalez swear to? Did he have mental reservations, or purpose of evasion?

One such oath mentions these points

“ I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter: So help me God”.

Does he discriminate against anothers creed? (Not the religious definition) Does he view things in a neutral unbiased approach, or does he promote his own ideaology or opinion. Does he serve the constitution or undermines it, as a domestic enemy would?

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The WH already circumvented Congress' power of the purse...by taking $700,000 allocated to the Afghanistan war, and using it to begin planning for Iraq. I have long pointed out this is manifestly unconstitutional, and pretty much everyone yawns." -- renato

It isn't clear what you mean by 'everybody,' but this illegal act is amply documented in the original online version of the Conyers' report.

(I have a signed copy of the published work, but haven't had time to read all of it -- the issue doesn't seem to be in the print copy).

Illegal diversion of funds is undoubtedly on Conyers' radar, and I'm pretty sure that Waxman will be vetting this issue as well.

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"Why is congress asking the president what powers they have?"

Really! that gets a major-league "WTF?!"

The resident is the LAST person I'd ask: Gonzales, third to last.

Congress needs to demonstrate the limits of presidential power.

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... 'express congressional power to “raise and support Armies” and to appropriate funds for their use is further circumscribed by the Constitution in order to require congressional action periodically by limiting such funding to no longer than two years.'

when is the next time this congressional action will be necessary? a "no" vote to have a military would certainly solve a lot of problems. i know, i know, it's wishful thinking ... and many of you are screaming (i can hear you through the internets) that "we need a military." but considering the complete irresponsibility of our "leaders" and that realistically no other country would even consider attempting to invade our shores (our private citizens hold a frightening array of weaponry on their own), we would be doing ourselves and the rest of the world a big favor by taking the toys away from the children.

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Thanks to you intelligent folks.

Shame on you folks who seem completely incapable of reading or comprehending basic high school civics before you randomly spout ignorant catch-phrases.

Leahy is setting a trap for Gonzales. One of many to come. Just like he asked Gonzales about habeus corpus two weeks ago.

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Those of you criticising this move don't seem to grasp 2 essential facts:
1. They've asked the AG for his legal opinion on what the limits are to the war powers of Congress. This is entirely correct as the AG / Justice Dept is suppossed to serve all of the US Govt & it's citizens and not just the President. These Senators of course already know what those powers are, having outlined them in the letter, but...
2. ...Abu Gonzales will now be on record with one of 2 responses that will allow the committee to nail his ass to the wall, however he answer. Either he agrees that Congress - as detailed in the Constitution - has the chief powers to initiate, conduct and, if necessary, end wars OR he tries to bluff his way through the 'unitary executive / commander in chief' hogwash.

If he does the first then he's admitting that Bush has to back off and listen to Congress, something that may shock many of the blow hards on the right and finally allow for a more meaningful and forceful role for Congress in the conduct of this war. If he states the second then a number of Senators will promptly demand his resignation or removal from office for showing his clear contempt for the Constitution.

I hope he chooses the second as his removal from office would be great foretaste of more to come.

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....John McCain's stirring pro-withdrawal Senate speech about why it was urgent that the Senate force Clinton to leave Somalia is particularly interesting in light of all of his completely contrary claims today about Iraq:

.....Dates certain, Mr. President, are not the criteria here. What is the criteria and what should be the criteria is our immediate, orderly withdrawal from Somalia. And if we do not do that and other Americans die, other Americans are wounded, other Americans are captured because we stay too long--longer than necessary--then I would say that the responsibilities for that lie with the Congress of the United States who did not exercise their authority under the Constitution of the United States and mandate that they be brought home quickly and safely as possible. . . .

http://glenngreenwald.blogspot.com/2007/01/republicans-and-congress-war-powers.html#links

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"Thanks to you intelligent folks.

Shame on you folks who seem completely incapable of reading or comprehending basic high school civics before you randomly spout ignorant catch-phrases.

Leahy is setting a trap for Gonzales. One of many to come. Just like he asked Gonzales about habeus corpus two weeks ago.
Posted by: Douglas Watts
Date: January 30, 2007 08:11 PM"

----
What you seem to have forgot, is that CIVICS in high school is no longer taught! It is out of the picture...It's to DUMP down the next two generation of voters and future ones.

The youth of today, have no clue on social issues!
The only thing that would WAKE them up is a draft!

So..parents educate your youth now on civics and society! Have them read the newspaper and debate it regardless of their views!

It is there civic duty to vote, but how can they vote if they don't understand their government: local, state and federal level!

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